Genome-Wide Identification of the Shaker Potassium Channel Family in Chinese Cabbage and Functional Studies of <i>BrKAT1</i> in Yeast

Abstract

Shaker potassium channels play a crucial role in potassium (K+) nutrition and stress resistance in plants. However, systematic research on Shaker K+ channels in Chinese cabbage [Brassica rapa var. chinensis (L.) Kitamura] remains scarce. This study identified 13 Shaker K+ channel members within the cabbage genome, which are unevenly distributed across eight chromosomes. Notably, the number of Shaker K+ channel members in Chinese cabbage exceeds that found in the model plants Arabidopsis (9) and rice (10). This discrepancy is attributed to a higher number of homologous proteins in Groups II and V of Chinese cabbage, with gene segmental duplication in these two subgroups being a significant factor contributing to the expansion of the Shaker K+ channel gene family. Interspecies collinearity analysis revealed that the whole genome and the Shaker K+ channel family of Chinese cabbage show greater similarity to those of Arabidopsis than to those of rice, indicating that Shaker K+ channels from the Brassicaceae family have a closer relationship than that from the Poaceae family. Given that gene expansion occurs in Group II, we investigated whether a functional difference exists between BrKAT1.1 and BrKAT1.2 using yeast assays and promoter analysis. The expression of two BrKAT1 genes in the potassium uptake-deficient yeast mutant R5421 can restore growth under low potassium conditions, indicating their role in potassium absorption. Truncation of the N-terminal 63 amino acids of BrKAT1.2 resulted in the loss of potassium absorption capability, suggesting that the N-terminus is essential for maintaining the potassium absorption function of BrKAT1.2. Furthermore, the expression of the two BrKAT1 genes in the salt-sensitive yeast G19 enhances yeast tolerance to salt stress. These results demonstrate that BrKAT1.1 and BrKAT1.2 exhibit similar abilities in potassium uptake and salt tolerance. The difference between BrKAT1.1 and BrKAT1.2 lay in their promoter regulatory elements, suggesting that differences in transcriptional regulation contributed to the functional differentiation of BrKAT1.1 and BrKAT1.2. These findings provide a foundation for understanding the evolution and functional mechanisms of the Shaker K+ channel family in Chinese cabbage and for improving potassium nutrition and salt tolerance in this species through the manipulation of BrKAT1.

Keywords

• Shaker K+ channel
• genome-wide identification
• gene expansion
• potassium uptake
• salt tolerance
• functional determination structure