Kidney diseases and COVID-19 infection: causes and effect, supportive therapeutics and nutritional perspectives
Hassan Askari,
Nima Sanadgol,
Asaad Azarnezhad,
Amir Tajbakhsh,
Hossein Rafiei,
Ali Reza Safarpour,
Seyed Mohammad Gheibihayat,
Ehsan Raeis-Abdollahi,
Amir Savardashtaki,
Ali Ghanbariasad,
Navid Omidifar
Affiliations
Hassan Askari
Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Nima Sanadgol
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran; Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
Asaad Azarnezhad
Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
Amir Tajbakhsh
Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Hossein Rafiei
Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Ali Reza Safarpour
Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Seyed Mohammad Gheibihayat
Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
Ehsan Raeis-Abdollahi
Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Amir Savardashtaki
Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Ali Ghanbariasad
Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran; Corresponding author.
Navid Omidifar
Biotechnology Research Center, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Corresponding author.
Recently, the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has attracted the attention of scientists where it has a high mortality rate among older adults and individuals suffering from chronic diseases, such as chronic kidney diseases (CKD). It is important to elucidate molecular mechanisms by which COVID-19 affects the kidneys and accordingly develop proper nutritional and pharmacological strategies. Although numerous studies have recently recommended several approaches for the management of COVID-19 in CKD, its impact on patients with renal diseases remains the biggest challenge worldwide. In this paper, we review the most recent evidence regarding causality, potential nutritional supplements, therapeutic options, and management of COVID-19 infection in vulnerable individuals and patients with CKD. To date, there is no effective treatment for COVID-19-induced kidney dysfunction, and current treatments are yet limited to anti-inflammatory (e.g. ibuprofen) and anti-viral medications (e.g. Remdesivir, and Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine) that may increase the chance of treatment. In conclusion, the knowledge about kidney damage in COVID-19 is very limited, and this review improves our ability to introduce novel approaches for future clinical trials for this contiguous disease.
