Genetic Manipulation as a Tool to Unravel <i>Candida parapsilosis</i> Species Complex Virulence and Drug Resistance: State of the Art

Abstract

An increase in the rate of isolation of Candida parapsilosis in the past decade, as well as increased identification of azole-resistant strains are concerning, and require better understanding of virulence-like factors and drug-resistant traits of these species. In this regard, the present review “draws a line” on the information acquired, thus far, on virulence determinants and molecular mechanisms of antifungal resistance in these opportunistic pathogens, mainly derived from genetic manipulation studies. This will provide better focus on where we stand in our understanding of the C. parapsilosis species complex–host interaction, and how far we are from defining potential novel targets or therapeutic strategies—key factors to pave the way for a more tailored management of fungal infections caused by these fungal pathogens.

Keywords

• <i>Candida parapsilosis</i> species complex
• genetic manipulation
• SAT1-flipper cassette
• CRISPR/Cas9 system
• virulence
• drug resistance