Beneficial effect of electroacupuncture on the distribution of foreign substances in the brain of rats developing depression-like behavior

Abstract

We used low and high molecular weight fluorescence tracers to investigate the entry of foreign solutes into the brain parenchyma and their exit from it by the glymphatic system, during experimentally induced depressive-like behavior in rats. The tail suspension test (TST), as an acute stressor, is known to induce such a type of behavior, considered to model the human major depressive disorder (MDD). Electroacupuncture (EAP) relieves both depressive-like behavior in rodents and the symptoms of MDD in humans. Here we report that 180 min after the intracisternal injection of the low molecular weight tracer Fluorescein-5-Isothiocianate Conjugated Dextran (FITC-d3), a 15-min duration TST tended to increase the control fluorescence in the brain of rats. Both EAP and sham EAP decreased the fluorescence of FITC-d3 in comparison with the TST, but not the control value. In addition, EAP and sham EAP counteracted the effects of TST. The high molecular weight tracer Ovalbumin Alexa Fluor 555 Conjugate (OA-45) failed to enter the brain parenchyma and accumulated at more superficial sites; however, EAP or sham EAP modified the distribution of fluorescence under TST application in a similar manner as that observed during the use of FITC-d3. It is concluded that EAP is possibly a valid treatment to slow down the entry of foreign solutes into the brain; in view of the comparable effects of EAP on FITC-d3 and OA-45 distribution, EAP seems to act before FITC-d3 passes the astroglial aquaporin-4 water channels, which are a critical constituent of the glymphatic system.

Keywords

• Glymphatic system
• Electroacupuncture
• Tail suspension test
• Depression-like behavior
• Fluorescence tracers