Marine Macrolides to Tackle Antimicrobial Resistance of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>
Sukamto S. Mamada,
Firzan Nainu,
Ayu Masyita,
Andri Frediansyah,
Rifka Nurul Utami,
Mirnawati Salampe,
Talha Bin Emran,
Clara Mariana Gonçalves Lima,
Hitesh Chopra,
Jesus Simal-Gandara
Affiliations
Sukamto S. Mamada
Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
Firzan Nainu
Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
Ayu Masyita
Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
Andri Frediansyah
Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Yogyakarta 55861, Indonesia
Rifka Nurul Utami
Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
Mirnawati Salampe
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Farmasi Makassar, Makassar 90242, Indonesia
Talha Bin Emran
Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
Clara Mariana Gonçalves Lima
Department of Food Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-900, Brazil
Hitesh Chopra
Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
Jesus Simal-Gandara
Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain
Tuberculosis has become a major health problem globally. This is worsened by the emergence of resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis showing ability to evade the effectiveness of the current antimycobacterial therapies. Therefore, the efforts carried out to explore new entities from many sources, including marine, are critical. This review summarizes several marine-derived macrolides that show promising activity against M. tuberculosis. We also provide information regarding the biosynthetic processes of marine macrolides, including the challenges that are usually experienced in this process. As most of the studies reporting the antimycobacterial activities of the listed marine macrolides are based on in vitro studies, the future direction should consider expanding the trials to in vivo and clinical trials. In addition, in silico studies should also be explored for a quick screening on marine macrolides with potent activities against mycobacterial infection. To sum up, macrolides derived from marine organisms might become therapeutical options for tackling antimycobacterial resistance of M. tuberculosis.
