Machine learning-based classification of pineal germinoma from magnetic resonance imaging

Abstract

Introduction: Surgical approaches for tissue diagnosis of pineal tumors have been associated with morbidity and mortality. The classification of images by machine learning (ML) may assist physicians in determining the extent of resection and treatment plans for a specific patient. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performances of the ML-based models for distinguishing between pure and non-germinoma of the pineal area. In addition, the secondary objective was to compare diagnostic performances among feature extraction methods. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of patients diagnosed with pineal tumors. We used the RGB feature extraction, histogram of oriented gradients (HOG), and local binary pattern methods from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans; therefore, we trained an ML model from various algorithms to classify pineal germinoma. Diagnostic performances were calculated from a test dataset with several diagnostic indices. Results: MRI scans from 38 patients with pineal tumors were collected and extracted features. As a result, the k-nearest neighbors (KNN) algorithm with HOG had the highest sensitivity of 0.81 (95% CI 0.78–0.84), while the random forest (RF) algorithm with HOG had the highest sensitivity of 0.82 (95% CI 0.79–0.85). Moreover, the KNN model with HOG had the highest AUC, at 0.845. Additionally, the AUCs of the artificial neural network and RF algorithms with HOG were 0.770 and 0.713, respectively. Conclusions: The classification of images using ML is a viable way for developing a diagnostic tool to differentiate between germinoma and non-germinoma that will aid neurosurgeons in treatment planning in the future.

Keywords

• Image classification
• Machine learning
• Histogram of oriented gradients
• Local binary pattern
• Pineal tumor