Rye as an Energy Cover Crop: Management, Forage Quality, and Revenue Opportunities for Feed and Bioenergy

Steph Herbstritt; Tom L. Richard; Sergio H. Lence; Huaiqing Wu; Peter L. O’Brien; Bryan D. Emmett; Tom C. Kaspar; Douglas L. Karlen; Keith Kohler; Robert W. Malone

doi:10.3390/agriculture12101691

Agriculture (Oct 2022)

Rye as an Energy Cover Crop: Management, Forage Quality, and Revenue Opportunities for Feed and Bioenergy

Steph Herbstritt,
Tom L. Richard,
Sergio H. Lence,
Huaiqing Wu,
Peter L. O’Brien,
Bryan D. Emmett,
Tom C. Kaspar,
Douglas L. Karlen,
Keith Kohler,
Robert W. Malone

Affiliations

Steph Herbstritt: Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
Tom L. Richard: Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
Sergio H. Lence: Department of Economics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
Huaiqing Wu: Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
Peter L. O’Brien: USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Ames, IA 50011, USA
Bryan D. Emmett: USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Ames, IA 50011, USA
Tom C. Kaspar: USDA-ARS (Retired) National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Ames, IA 50011, USA
Douglas L. Karlen: USDA-ARS (Retired) National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Ames, IA 50011, USA
Keith Kohler: USDA-ARS (Retired) National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Ames, IA 50011, USA
Robert W. Malone: USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Ames, IA 50011, USA

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12101691
Journal volume & issue: Vol. 12, no. 10
p. 1691

Abstract

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Harvesting a winter rye energy cover crop (Secale cereale L.) could help sustain growing food and energy demand, provide new revenue streams, and enhance ecosystem services without inducing land-use change. A two-year field experiment with three planting methods and three N fertilization rates (0, 60, and 120 kg N ha−1) that produced >5.0 Mg ha−1 yr−1 of biomass was evaluated for (1) fresh and anaerobically digested rye forage quality; (2) revenue potential from renewable bioenergy, carbon markets, and digestate feed protein; and (3) potential greenhouse gas (GHG) offsets. We showed that rye can be harvested as forage for animals or anaerobically digested to produce renewable natural gas (RNG), with the residue after digestion (digestate) still available as a feed protein concentrate. Anaerobically digesting rye improved forage quality indicators. Digestion significantly decreased acid- and neutral-detergent fiber (ADF and NDF) by 5.2% and 17.8%, respectively, while significantly increasing crude protein (CP) (33.6%), total digestible nutrients (TDN) (2.0%), relative feed value (RFV) (23.6%), net energy for lactation (8.3%), maintenance (7.5%), and gain (20.0%). Using market prices for RNG, high protein feed, and GHG mitigation, potential on-farm revenue ranged from USD 307 Mg−1 and USD 502 Mg−1 dry matter with an average of USD 402 Mg−1. However, there are substantial costs associated with RNG and the revenue potential does not represent the profitability of this system. Evaluation of the integrated system showed GHG emissions associated with rye fertilization were more than offset by the benefits of increasing yield in the 60 kg N ha−1 treatment. The overall carbon footprint of the integrated system was strongly carbon negative, confirming the potential of this strategy to sustainably intensify land use in the Midwestern United States.

Published in Agriculture

ISSN: 2077-0472 (Online)
Publisher: MDPI AG
Country of publisher: Switzerland
LCC subjects: Agriculture: Agriculture (General)
Website: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/agriculture

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