The Astrophysical Journal (Jan 2025)
SN 2023ixf in the Pinwheel Galaxy M101: From Shock Breakout to the Nebular Phase
- WeiKang Zheng,
- Luc Dessart,
- Alexei V. Filippenko,
- Yi Yang,
- Thomas G. Brink,
- Thomas de Jaeger,
- Sergiy S. Vasylyev,
- Schuyler D. Van Dyk,
- Kishore C. Patra,
- Wynn V. Jacobson-Galán,
- Gabrielle E. Stewart,
- Efrain Alvarado III,
- Veda Arikatla,
- Pallas Beddow,
- Andreas Betz,
- Emma Born,
- Kate Bostow,
- Adam J. Burgasser,
- Osmin Caceres,
- Evan M. Carrasco,
- Elma Chuang,
- Asia DeGraw,
- Elinor L. Gates,
- Eli Gendreau-Distler,
- Cooper Jacobus,
- Connor Jennings,
- Preethi R. Karpoor,
- Paul Lynam,
- Ann Mina,
- Katherine Mora,
- Neil Pichay,
- Jyotsna Ravi,
- Jon Rees,
- R. Michael Rich,
- Sophia Risin,
- Nathan R. Sandford,
- Alessandro Savino,
- Emma Softich,
- Christopher A. Theissen,
- Edgar P. Vidal,
- William Wu,
- Yoomee Zeng
Affiliations
- WeiKang Zheng
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
- Luc Dessart
- ORCiD
- Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS-Sorbonne Université , 98 bis boulevard Arago, F-75014 Paris, France ; [email protected]
- Alexei V. Filippenko
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
- Yi Yang
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]; Physics Department, Tsinghua University , Beijing, 100084, People’s Republic of China
- Thomas G. Brink
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
- Thomas de Jaeger
- ORCiD
- LPNHE (CNRS/IN2P3, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité) , Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies, 75005, Paris, France ; [email protected]
- Sergiy S. Vasylyev
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
- Schuyler D. Van Dyk
- ORCiD
- Caltech/IPAC , Mail Code 100-22, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Kishore C. Patra
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]; Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Wynn V. Jacobson-Galán
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Gabrielle E. Stewart
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
- Efrain Alvarado III
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]; Department of Physics and Astronomy, San Francisco State University , 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
- Veda Arikatla
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
- Pallas Beddow
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
- Andreas Betz
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
- Emma Born
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
- Kate Bostow
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]; Department of Physics and Astronomy, San Francisco State University , 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
- Adam J. Burgasser
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of California at San Diego , La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Osmin Caceres
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Los Angeles, CA 90095-1547, USA
- Evan M. Carrasco
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Elma Chuang
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
- Asia DeGraw
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
- Elinor L. Gates
- ORCiD
- University of California Observatories/Lick Observatory , Mount Hamilton, CA 95140, USA
- Eli Gendreau-Distler
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
- Cooper Jacobus
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
- Connor Jennings
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]; Department of Astronomy, Yale University , New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Preethi R. Karpoor
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of California at San Diego , La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Paul Lynam
- University of California Observatories/Lick Observatory , Mount Hamilton, CA 95140, USA
- Ann Mina
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
- Katherine Mora
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
- Neil Pichay
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
- Jyotsna Ravi
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
- Jon Rees
- ORCiD
- University of California Observatories/Lick Observatory , Mount Hamilton, CA 95140, USA
- R. Michael Rich
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Los Angeles, CA 90095-1547, USA
- Sophia Risin
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
- Nathan R. Sandford
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto , 50 St. George Street, Toronto ON, M5S 3H4, Canada
- Alessandro Savino
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
- Emma Softich
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of California at San Diego , La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Christopher A. Theissen
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of California at San Diego , La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Edgar P. Vidal
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University , Medford, MA 02155, USA
- William Wu
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
- Yoomee Zeng
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ade0bf
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 988,
no. 1
p. 61
Abstract
We present photometric and spectroscopic observations of supernova SN 2023ixf covering from day 1 to 442 days after explosion. SN 2023ixf reached a peak V -band absolute magnitude of −18.2 ± 0.07, and light curves show that it has a relatively short “plateau” phase (∼72 days), and can be classified either as an SN IIL or a transitional event between IIP and IIL. Early-time spectra of SN 2023ixf exhibit strong, very narrow emission lines from ionized circumstellar matter (CSM), possibly indicating a Type IIn classification. But these flash/shock-ionization emission features faded after the first week and the spectrum evolved in a manner similar to that of typical Type II SNe, unlike the case of most genuine SNe IIn in which the ejecta interact with CSM for an extended period of time and develop intermediate-width emission lines. We compare observed spectra of SN 2023ixf with various model spectra to understand the physics behind SN 2023ixf. Our nebular spectra (between 200 and 400 days) match best with the model spectra from a 15 M _⊙ progenitor that experienced enhanced mass loss a few years before explosion. A last-stage mass-loss rate of $\dot{M}=0.01\,{M}_{\odot }\,{\mathrm{yr}}^{-1}$ from the r1w6 model matches best with the early-time spectra, higher than $\dot{M}\approx 2.4\times 1{0}^{-3}\,{M}_{\odot }\,{\mathrm{yr}}^{-1}$ derived from the ionized H α luminosity at 1.58 days. We also use SN 2023ixf as a distance indicator and fit the light curves to derive the Hubble constant by adding SN 2023ixf to the existing sample; we obtain ${H}_{0}=73.{1}_{-3.50}^{+3.68}$ km s ^−1 Mpc ^−1 , consistent with the results from SNe Ia and many other independent methods.
Keywords
