Walking football for older adults: A scoping review of research and health benefits

Abstract

Walking football (WF) is an adapted form of football specifically designed to encourage sport participation among older adults. By modifying rules to prohibit running, aerial play, and physical contact, WF creates a safe and inclusive environment that promotes physical activity among individuals who may be excluded from traditional forms of sport. This scoping review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of research on WF by analyzing studies from multiple databases, languages, and without time restrictions. A total of 21 peer-reviewed articles were included, revealing that most research has been conducted in Europe, particularly the United Kingdom, and primarily involves male participants. Despite its moderate-intensity profile—achieved through sustained movement at approximately 80% of maximum heart rate—WF has demonstrated benefits that extend beyond physical health. Evidence highlights positive outcomes in mental well-being and social connectedness, especially when sessions exceed 120 minutes per week. Furthermore, the practice has shown promise among special populations, including individuals with diabetes, prostate cancer, or dementia. These findings underscore the potential of WF as a public health strategy to support healthy aging, promote social inclusion, and challenge traditional gender norms in later-life sports participation.

Keywords

• Older people
• maintenance
• sport
• health
• training