Non-Traditional Risk Factors as Contributors to Cardiovascular Disease

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains one of the primary causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Classic cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), hyperlipidemia, and smoking, have been well identified and given increased attention in clinical practice. However, the incidence and prevalence of CVD remains high, especially in developing countries. Therefore, there has been more attention to non-traditional CVD risk factors such as gut microbiota, sleep disorders, dietary structure, and psychosocial factors in their important roles in the development of CVD. In this review we summarize the association of non-traditional risk factors with CVD with the aim of further reducing the risk of CVD.

Keywords

• cardiovascular disease
• cardiovascular risk
• gut microbiota
• sleep disorder
• psychosocial factors
• vitamin d deficiency
• environmental exposure
• hyperhomocysteinemia
• hyperuricemia