Assessment of Total Phenolic Content, In Vitro Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Ruta graveolens L. Extracts Obtained by Choline Chloride Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents

Abstract

Rue (R. graveolens) has been an extensively studied medicinal plant due to its rich phytochemicals content, such as furanocoumarins and flavonoids. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of varying extraction conditions on the total phenolic content, the antioxidant and antibacterial property of rue leaves crude extracts using deep eutectic solvents with different water content. These extraction conditions include the temperature and the extraction time. The extract obtained at 30 °C, with 20% water and at 90 min, with 13.3 µg mL−1 concentration, was found to possess the highest total phenolic content (38.24 ± 0.11 mg of GAE g−1 of DM) and the highest antioxidant activity (72.53 ± 0.31%). In this study, the same extract showed the best antibacterial efficiency against all the tested strains, especially gram-negative P. aeruginosa.

Keywords

• Ruta graveolens
• natural deep eutectic solvents
• extraction
• antioxidant activity
• antibacterial activity