Grief reactions in relation to professional and social support among family members of persons who died from sudden cardiac arrest: A longitudinal survey study

Abstract

Background: The loss of a close person from sudden cardiac arrest (CA) leaves family members at risk of developing grief reactions such as symptoms of prolonged grief, anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress. The aim was to describe longitudinal variations in grief reactions and its association with professional and social support among bereaved family members after a close person’s death from sudden CA. Methods: This longitudinal multimethod survey included 69 bereaved family members who completed a questionnaire 6 and 12-months after the CA, including the Prolonged Grief Disorder-13, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, PTSD Checklist for DSM-5, and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Qualitative data were collected by open-ended questions. Quantitative data was analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test and linear regression analysis while written comments were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: The median age was 62 years, 67 % were women, and 38 % had been present during the resuscitation attempts. Using the cut-off scores at the 6- and 12-month assessments respectively, 14 % and 17 % reported symptoms of prolonged grief, 32 % and 26 % symptoms of anxiety, 14 % and 9 % depression, and 4 % and 1 % posttraumatic stress. Professional and social support at the 6-month assessment were significantly associated with symptoms of prolonged grief, anxiety, depression, and/or posttraumatic stress at the 12-month assessments but could not predict any changes in the grief reactions. Conclusions: Family members’ grief reactions point to the importance of proactive and available support over time to meet family members’ needs.

Keywords

• Anxiety
• Cardiac arrest
• Depression
• Posttraumatic stress
• Prolonged grief
• Social support