Effects of dense planting patterns on photosynthetic traits of different vertical layers and yield of wheat under different nitrogen rates
Cuicun Wang,
Ke Zhang,
Qing Liu,
Xiufeng Zhang,
Zhikuan Shi,
Xue Wang,
Caili Guo,
Qiang Cao,
Yongchao Tian,
Yan Zhu,
Xiaojun Liu,
Weixing Cao
Affiliations
Cuicun Wang
National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; MOE Engineering Research Center of Smart Agricultural, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; MARA Key Laboratory for Crop System Analysis and Decision Making, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Smart Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
Ke Zhang
National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; MOE Engineering Research Center of Smart Agricultural, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; MARA Key Laboratory for Crop System Analysis and Decision Making, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Smart Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
Qing Liu
National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; MOE Engineering Research Center of Smart Agricultural, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; MARA Key Laboratory for Crop System Analysis and Decision Making, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Smart Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
Xiufeng Zhang
National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; MOE Engineering Research Center of Smart Agricultural, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; MARA Key Laboratory for Crop System Analysis and Decision Making, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Smart Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
Zhikuan Shi
National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; MOE Engineering Research Center of Smart Agricultural, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; MARA Key Laboratory for Crop System Analysis and Decision Making, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Smart Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
Xue Wang
National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; MOE Engineering Research Center of Smart Agricultural, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; MARA Key Laboratory for Crop System Analysis and Decision Making, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Smart Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
Caili Guo
National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; MOE Engineering Research Center of Smart Agricultural, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; MARA Key Laboratory for Crop System Analysis and Decision Making, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Smart Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
Qiang Cao
National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; MOE Engineering Research Center of Smart Agricultural, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; MARA Key Laboratory for Crop System Analysis and Decision Making, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Smart Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
Yongchao Tian
National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; MOE Engineering Research Center of Smart Agricultural, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; MARA Key Laboratory for Crop System Analysis and Decision Making, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Smart Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
Yan Zhu
National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; MOE Engineering Research Center of Smart Agricultural, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; MARA Key Laboratory for Crop System Analysis and Decision Making, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Smart Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
Xiaojun Liu
National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; MOE Engineering Research Center of Smart Agricultural, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; MARA Key Laboratory for Crop System Analysis and Decision Making, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Smart Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; Corresponding authors.
Weixing Cao
National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; MOE Engineering Research Center of Smart Agricultural, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; MARA Key Laboratory for Crop System Analysis and Decision Making, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Smart Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; Corresponding authors.
A two-year field experiment was conducted to measure the effects of densification methods on photosynthesis and yield of densely planted wheat. Inter-plant and inter-row distances were used to define rate-fixed pattern (RR) and row-fixed pattern (RS) density treatments. Meanwhile, four nitrogen (N) rates (0, 144, 192, and 240 kg N ha−1, termed N0, N144, N192, and N240) were applied with three densities (225, 292.5, and 360 × 104 plants ha−1, termed D225, D292.5, and D360). The wheat canopy was clipped into three equal vertical layers (top, middle, and bottom layers), and their chlorophyll density (ChD) and photosynthetically active radiation interception (FIPAR) were measured. Results showed that the response of ChD and FIPAR to N rate, density, and pattern varied with different layers. N rate, density, and pattern had significant interaction effects on ChD. The maximum values of whole-canopy ChD in the two seasons appeared in N240 combined with D292.5 and D360 under RR, respectively. Across two growing seasons, FIPAR values of RR were higher than those of RS by 29.37% for the top layer and 5.68% for the middle layer, while lower than those of RS by 20.62% for the bottom layer on average. With a low N supply (N0), grain yield was not significantly affected by density for both patterns. At N240, increasing density significantly increased yield under RR, but D360 of RS significantly decreased yield by 3.72% and 9.00% versus D225 in two seasons, respectively. With an appropriate and sufficient N application, RR increased the yield of densely planted wheat more than RS. Additionally, the maximum yield in two seasons appeared in the combination of D360 with N144 or N192 rather than of D225 with N240 under both patterns, suggesting that dense planting combined with an appropriate N-reduction application is feasible to increase photosynthesis capacity and yield.
