<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> in Inflammation and Pain: Update on Pathologic Mechanisms
Fernanda S. Rasquel-Oliveira,
Jhonatan Macedo Ribeiro,
Geovana Martelossi-Cebinelli,
Fernanda Barbosa Costa,
Gerson Nakazato,
Rubia Casagrande,
Waldiceu A. Verri
Affiliations
Fernanda S. Rasquel-Oliveira
Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Immunology, Parasitology and General Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
Jhonatan Macedo Ribeiro
Department of Microbiology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
Geovana Martelossi-Cebinelli
Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Immunology, Parasitology and General Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
Fernanda Barbosa Costa
Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Immunology, Parasitology and General Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
Gerson Nakazato
Department of Microbiology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
Rubia Casagrande
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Health Science, Londrina State University, Londrina 86038-440, PR, Brazil
Waldiceu A. Verri
Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Immunology, Parasitology and General Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a Gram-positive bacterium of significant clinical importance, known for its versatility and ability to cause a wide array of infections, such as osteoarticular, pulmonary, cardiovascular, device-related, and hospital-acquired infections. This review describes the most recent evidence of the pathogenic potential of S. aureus, which is commonly part of the human microbiota but can lead to severe infections. The prevalence of pathogenic S. aureus in hospital and community settings contributes to substantial morbidity and mortality, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems. The immunopathogenesis of S. aureus infections involves intricate interactions with the host immune and non-immune cells, characterized by various virulence factors that facilitate adherence, invasion, and evasion of the host’s defenses. This review highlights the complexity of S. aureus infections, ranging from mild to life-threatening conditions, and underscores the growing public health concern posed by multidrug-resistant strains, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). This article aims to provide an updated perspective on S. aureus-related infections, highlighting the main diseases linked to this pathogen, how the different cell types, virulence factors, and signaling molecules are involved in the immunopathogenesis, and the future perspectives to overcome the current challenges to treat the affected individuals.
