A review of hard carbon anode: Rational design and advanced characterization in potassium ion batteries
Hang Lei,
Jinliang Li,
Xiyun Zhang,
Liang Ma,
Zhong Ji,
Zilong Wang,
Likun Pan,
Shaozao Tan,
Wenjie Mai
Affiliations
Hang Lei
Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Centre of Graphene‐like Materials and Products, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Jinan University Guangzhou China
Jinliang Li
Siyuan Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Department of Physics Jinan University Guangzhou Guangdong China
Xiyun Zhang
Siyuan Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Department of Physics Jinan University Guangzhou Guangdong China
Liang Ma
Siyuan Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Department of Physics Jinan University Guangzhou Guangdong China
Zhong Ji
Siyuan Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Department of Physics Jinan University Guangzhou Guangdong China
Zilong Wang
Siyuan Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Department of Physics Jinan University Guangzhou Guangdong China
Likun Pan
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science East China Normal University Shanghai China
Shaozao Tan
Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Centre of Graphene‐like Materials and Products, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Jinan University Guangzhou China
Wenjie Mai
Siyuan Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Department of Physics Jinan University Guangzhou Guangdong China
Abstract K‐ion batteries (KIBs) have attracted tremendous attention and seen significant development because of their low price, high operating voltage, and properties similar to those of Li‐ion batteries. In the field of development of full batteries, exploring high‐performing and low‐cost anode materials for K‐ion storage is a crucial challenge. Owing to their excellent cost effectiveness, abundant precursors, and environmental benignancy, hard carbons (HCs) are considered promising anode materials for KIBs. As a result, researchers have devoted much effort to quantify the properties and to understand the underlying mechanisms of HC‐based anodes. In this review, we mainly introduce the electrochemical reaction mechanism of HCs in KIBs, and summarize approaches to further improve the electrochemical performance in HC‐based materials for K‐ion storage. In addition, we also highlight some advanced in situ characterization methods for understanding the evolutionary process underlying the potassiation–depotassiation process, which is essential for the directional electrochemical performance optimization of KIBs. Finally, we raise some challenges in developing smart‐structured HC anode materials for KIBs, and propose rational design principles and perspectives serving as the guidance for the targeted optimization of HC‐based KIBs.
