Evidence-based approach to the shoulder examination for subacromial bursitis and rotator cuff tears: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Abstract Introduction Shoulder pain represents a common patient complaint evaluated in a primary care setting. Approximately two thirds of these patients have rotator cuff injuries, with rotator cuff tears (RCTs) and subacromial impingement syndrome (SIS) accounting for a majority of causes. An accurate and efficient diagnostic strategy focused on physical examination findings may lead to improved outcomes and less functional disability. Objective To identify the most accurate physical examination tests for the diagnosis of RCT and SIS, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods The database for our systematic review was compiled by using keywords and common indexing strategies to search PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase and the Cochrane Library from January 1, 1980, to March 15, 2024. Included studies evaluated a physical examination being performed prior to a reference standard diagnostic test for either RCT or SIS. Data was extracted in dual fashion and meta-analyses were performed regarding physical examination tests identified in our included studies. Results A total of twenty studies, which include 3,438 patients, met our inclusion criteria and had data extracted for statistical analysis. Data was adequate to perform meta-analyses on ten physical examination tests for RCT and five physical examination tests for SIS. There were six physical examination tests which had significant diagnostic odds ratios (DORs) when used in the diagnostic evaluation of suspected RCT, with the External Rotation Lag Sign at 90 Degrees having the highest magnitude of significance (DOR, 12.70; 95% CI, 3.68 – 43.86; P < .0001). Four physical examination tests had significant DORs for physical examination tests when used in the diagnostic evaluation of SIS, with the Yergason’s Test having the highest magnitude of significance (DOR, 4.71; 95% CI; 2.16 – 10.32; P = .0001). Conclusion We present a large body of low-quality evidence for the diagnostic accuracies of physical examination tests for the identification of both RCT and SIS. We have identified novel data for the accuracy of the External Rotation Lag Sign at 90 Degrees and the Internal Rotation Lag Sign that have high to moderate diagnostic accuracy for ruling in tears of the rotator cuff.

Keywords

• Rotator cuff tear
• Subacromial impingement syndrome
• Physical examination
• Clinical diagnosis
• Evidence-based medicine
• Meta-analysis