Авіаційно-космічна техніка та технологія (Oct 2023)
Compact analogs of the models of vortex flows generated by aircraft flight
Abstract
The subject of this work is the development of compact analogs of vortex flows models, which are used in the modeling of vortex structures observed during the flight of an aircraft and the motion of a body in a fluid. In particular, two significant misunderstandings prevailing in this area of science are highlighted. The first misunderstanding is that the stationary motion of fluid parcels in a circle is treated as an inviscid vortex. Therefore, any vortex flow model that does not explicitly contain viscosity is considered to describe inviscid vortex motion. It has been proven that this is not so: the stationary viscous motion of fluid parcels in circular orbits corresponds to the self-balance of one force - the force of viscosity. This conclusion, in an explicit form, was made for the first time. This is very important because it changes our ideas about force balance, where two or more forces of different natures must necessarily be present. Overcoming this misunderstanding opens the way for creating compact analogs of existing models of vortex motions. Along the way, one more - the second general misunderstanding in the field of vortex dynamics was eliminated. Wherever we read it, we can see that the compactness of the vortex flow is associated with the compactness of the vorticity field. This is facilitated by the fact that the equations for vorticity and not for velocity are considered. As a result, except for one or two models of vortices, which correspond to the rotation of the entire space, up to infinity, this violates the fundamental law of physics - the law of conservation and transformation of energy. It is about the fact that, as a second misunderstanding, an error is assumed when calculating the kinetic energy of the vortex flows: the Jacobian in cylindrical (polar) coordinates is not considered. As a result, all the mentioned models of vortex flows, which correspond to the hyperbolic law as their asymptotics in the periphery, have infinite kinetic energy. Certainly, this does not correspond to the formation and evolution of compact vortex structures. Therefore, in this work, based on overcoming the aforementioned misunderstandings, many previously obtained models of compact vortex flows, as well as those obtained for the first time, are presented. In particular, this applies to the turbulent vortex flow during the formation of a vortex sheet, which is a compact analog of the Burgers-Rott vortex - both the classical one corresponding to laminar motion and the one consisting of a laminar flow in the core and a turbulent flow on the periphery of the vortex. Research methods are entirely theoretical. Well-known theorems of theoretical mechanics, mathematical theory of field, and calculus of variations, etc. are used. The obtained solutions are compared with the existing corresponding analogs of non-compact flows. Conclusions. Using the methods of calculus of variation, it was possible to show the possibility of the formation of quasi-solid-like rotational motion in a boundary layer of an incompressible fluid. The very presence of viscosity, or rather its taking into account (boundary layer), indicates a possible transition of the flow from plane-parallel motion to the just-mentioned rotational one due to the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. In addition, two new models of the Burgers-Rott vortex flow were obtained in this study. The first model uses the general solution obtained by Burgers, but this model corresponds to a combined vortex: although the velocity field is continuous, the vorticity field has a discontinuity - at the point of maximum velocity. It is proved that such an approach is quite possible: the equation of motion is satisfied everywhere, i.e., at every point in space, and the tangential stresses are continuous functions. Since the periphery of the Burgers-Rott vortex is an unstable flow, another model is proposed - with a laminar core and a turbulent periphery. Certainly, the motion of fluid parcels in the peripheral region is described by a velocity distribution other than that of Burgers. Finally, the possible use of known models of compact vortex flows to simulate the von Karman vortex street is considered, with an indication of the advantages of these models.
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