Bacterial Glycocalyx Integrity Impacts Tolerance of <i>Myxococcus xanthus</i> to Antibiotics and Oxidative-Stress Agents

Abstract

The presence of an exopolysaccharide (EPS) layer surrounding bacterial cells, termed a “glycocalyx”, confers protection against toxic molecules. However, the effect of glycocalyx integrity on the tolerance to such agents is poorly understood. Using a modified disc-diffusion assay, we tested the susceptibility to a panel of antibiotics and oxidative stress-inducing compounds of various mutant strains of the social predatory Gram-negative soil bacterium Myxococcus xanthus; the selected mutants were those that manifest different physical states of their respective EPS glycocalyces. While the overall presence of an EPS layer was indeed beneficial for tolerance, the integrity of this layer was also found to affect the susceptibility of the bacterium to killing; however, this finding was not universal, and instead was dependent on the specific compound tested. Thus, the integrity of the cell-surface EPS glycocalyx plays an important role in the tolerance of M. xanthus to harmful compounds.

Keywords

• biofilms
• extracellular matrix
• antibiotic resistance
• antibiotic tolerance
• reactive oxygen species (ROS)
• Wzx/Wzy-dependent pathway