Evaluation of Anti-Venom Potential of <em>Areca catechu</em> Seed Extract on <em>Bungarus caeruleus</em> Venom
Veena More,
Abdullatif Bin Muhsinah,
G. S. Latha,
Abdulfattah Yahya M. Alhazmi,
Osama Abdulaziz Ibrahim,
Abdulkarim S. Binshaya,
Mater H. Mahnashi,
Hassan H. Almasoudi,
Harshitha Gangadharappa,
Sahana Nagappa Maruthi,
Sindhoora Rao,
Bhavya Janardhan,
Aejaz Abdullatif Khan,
Uday M. Muddapur,
Ibrahim Ahmed Shaikh,
Sunil S. More
Affiliations
Veena More
Department of Biotechnology, Sapthagiri College of Engineering, Bangalore 560057, India
Abdullatif Bin Muhsinah
Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61441, Saudi Arabia
G. S. Latha
Department of Physiology, RajaRajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru A Constituent College under Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Periyar E.V.R. High Road, Chennai 600095, India
Abdulfattah Yahya M. Alhazmi
Clinical Pharmacy Department, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
Osama Abdulaziz Ibrahim
Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
Abdulkarim S. Binshaya
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 21589, Saudi Arabia
Mater H. Mahnashi
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 66462, Saudi Arabia
Hassan H. Almasoudi
Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 55461, Saudi Arabia
Harshitha Gangadharappa
Department of Biotechnology, Sapthagiri College of Engineering, Bangalore 560057, India
Sahana Nagappa Maruthi
Department of Biotechnology, Sapthagiri College of Engineering, Bangalore 560057, India
Sindhoora Rao
Department of Biotechnology, Sapthagiri College of Engineering, Bangalore 560057, India
Bhavya Janardhan
School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Bangalore 560111, India
Aejaz Abdullatif Khan
Department of General Science, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah 21418, Saudi Arabia
Uday M. Muddapur
Department of Biotechnology, K.L.E.’s Tech University, Hubli 580031, India
Ibrahim Ahmed Shaikh
Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 66462, Saudi Arabia
Sunil S. More
School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Bangalore 560111, India
Areca catechu seeds and their extract/s are currently used to treat various ailments and infections including snakebites. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the inhibiting/neutralizing effect of ethyl acetate and aqueous ethanolic seed extracts of A. catechu on Bungarus caeruleus (krait) venom. The enzyme activities and their inhibition were evaluated using standard procedures (in vitro). In vivo studies were conducted using chick embryos and murine models. The extracts inhibited hyaluronidase and phospholipase A2 activities. Protease activity was neutralized by the aqueous ethanolic extract only. The IC50 value of aqueous ethanolic extract for hyaluronidase was 0.001 g/mL, while that for the ethyl acetate extract for phospholipase A2 was 0.006 g/mL. In addition, both the extracts neutralized the indirect hemolysis and fibrinogenolytic activity induced by B. caeruleus venom. The LD50 for the chick embryos was 4.9 µg/egg. The 50 and 100 µg aqueous ethanolic extracts neutralized the LD50 and the challenging dose (3LD50) of venom effectively in the chick embryo model. The LD50 of B. caeruleus venom in mice was 0.1927 µg/kg; the extract extended the survival time of the mice from 25 min to 30 and 35 min in 1:10 and 1:20 ((w/w) venom:extract) ratios, respectively. The extract also neutralized myotoxic activity. The A. catechu seed extract showed promising inhibitory properties against B. caeruleus venom. In this regard, academia and industries should work collaboratively to develop and formulate a cost-effective first-aid drug.
