Stabilized Palladium Nanoparticles from Bis-(<i>N</i>-benzoylthiourea) Derived-Pd^II Complexes as Efficient Catalysts for Sustainable Cross-Coupling Reactions in Water

Abstract

Stable palladium (II) complexes, incorporating a double (N-benzoylthiourea) arrangement bonded to a complex heterocyclic scaffold, are used as precursors of catalytic species able to promote Suzuki–Miyaura, Mizoroki–Heck, Hiyama, Buchwald–Hartwig, Hirao and Sonogashira–Hagihara cross-coupling transformations in water. These sustainable processes are chemoselective and very versatile. The nanoparticles responsible for these catalytic reactions were analyzed and studied. Their usefulness is demonstrated after several tests and analyses. The heterogeneous character of this species in water was also confirmed.

Keywords

• nanoparticles
• palladium
• Suzuki
• Heck
• Hiyama
• Buchwald–Hartwig