HIV and COVID-19: two pandemics with significant (but different) central nervous system complications

Shino Magaki; Ting Zhang; Karam Han; Hilda Mirbaha; William H. Yong; Cristian Achim; Gregory Fishbein; Michael C. Fishbein; Omai Garner; Noriko Salamon; Christopher K. Williams; Miguel A. Valdes-Sueiras; Jeffrey J. Hsu; Theodoros Kelesidis; Glenn E. Mathisen; Helen Lavretsky; Elyse J. Singer; Harry V. Vinters

doi:10.17879/freeneuropathology-2024-5343

Free Neuropathology (Mar 2024)

HIV and COVID-19: two pandemics with significant (but different) central nervous system complications

Shino Magaki,
Ting Zhang,
Karam Han,
Hilda Mirbaha,
William H. Yong,
Cristian Achim,
Gregory Fishbein,
Michael C. Fishbein,
Omai Garner,
Noriko Salamon,
Christopher K. Williams,
Miguel A. Valdes-Sueiras,
Jeffrey J. Hsu,
Theodoros Kelesidis,
Glenn E. Mathisen,
Helen Lavretsky,
Elyse J. Singer,
Harry V. Vinters

Affiliations

Shino Magaki: Section of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA, USA
Ting Zhang: Section of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA, USA
Karam Han: Section of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA, USA; current affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
Hilda Mirbaha: Section of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA, USA
William H. Yong: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California-Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
Cristian Achim: Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
Gregory Fishbein: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Michael C. Fishbein: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Omai Garner: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Noriko Salamon: Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Christopher K. Williams: Section of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA, USA
Miguel A. Valdes-Sueiras: Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Jeffrey J. Hsu: Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Theodoros Kelesidis: Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; current affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
Glenn E. Mathisen: Department of Infectious Diseases, Olive View-University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Sylmar, CA, USA
Helen Lavretsky: Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Elyse J. Singer: Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Harry V. Vinters: Section of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA, USA; Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17879/freeneuropathology-2024-5343
Journal volume & issue: Vol. 5

Abstract

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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) cause significant neurologic disease. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement of HIV has been extensively studied, with well-documented invasion of HIV into the brain in the initial stage of infection, while the acute effects of SARS-CoV-2 in the brain are unclear. Neuropathologic features of active HIV infection in the brain are well characterized whereas neuropathologic findings in acute COVID-19 are largely non-specific. On the other hand, neuropathologic substrates of chronic dysfunction in both infections, as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and post-COVID conditions (PCC)/long COVID are unknown. Thus far, neuropathologic studies on patients with HAND in the era of combined antiretroviral therapy have been inconclusive, and autopsy studies on patients diagnosed with PCC have yet to be published. Further longitudinal, multidisciplinary studies on patients with HAND and PCC and neuropathologic studies in comparison to controls are warranted to help elucidate the mechanisms of CNS dysfunction in both conditions.

Published in Free Neuropathology

ISSN: 2699-4445 (Online)
Publisher: University of Münster / Open Journals System
Country of publisher: Germany
LCC subjects: Medicine: Internal medicine: Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry
Website: https://www.uni-muenster.de/Ejournals/index.php/fnp/index

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Abstract

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