Acridone Derivatives for Near-UV Radical Polymerization: One-Component Type II vs. Multicomponent Behaviors
Adel Noon,
Francesco Calogero,
Andrea Gualandi,
Hiba Hammoud,
Tayssir Hamieh,
Joumana Toufaily,
Fabrice Morlet-Savary,
Michael Schmitt,
Pier Giorgio Cozzi,
Jacques Lalevée
Affiliations
Adel Noon
CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, Université de Haute-Alsace, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
Francesco Calogero
Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
Andrea Gualandi
Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
Hiba Hammoud
CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, Université de Haute-Alsace, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
Tayssir Hamieh
Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods (MCEMA), Faculty of Sciences, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology (EDST), Lebanese University, Beirut 6573-14, Lebanon
Joumana Toufaily
Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods (MCEMA), Faculty of Sciences, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology (EDST), Lebanese University, Beirut 6573-14, Lebanon
Fabrice Morlet-Savary
CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, Université de Haute-Alsace, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
Michael Schmitt
CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, Université de Haute-Alsace, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
Pier Giorgio Cozzi
Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
Jacques Lalevée
CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, Université de Haute-Alsace, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
In this work, two novel acridone-based photoinitiators were designed and synthesized for the free radical polymerization of acrylates with a light-emitting diode emitting at 405 nm. These acridone derivatives were employed as mono-component Type II photoinitiators and as multicomponent photoinitiating systems in the presence of an iodonium salt or an amine synergist (EDB) in which they achieved excellent polymerization initiating abilities and high final conversions of the acrylate group. Photoinitiation mechanisms through which reactive species are produced were investigated employing different complementary techniques including steady-state photolysis, steady-state fluorescence, cyclic voltammetry, UV–visible absorption spectroscopy, and electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Finally, these molecules were also used in the direct laser writing process for the fabrication of 3D objects.
