An Investigation of Placemaking Attributes for Cultural Tourism in Historic Port Cities: Using the Fuzzy Delphi Method

Abstract

A placemaking framework can be a decisive guide in the decision-making processes to augment cultural tourism practises in unique destinations like historic port cities. This paper intends to present a preliminary list of 16 attributes and 55 indicators compiled based on a literature survey and expert inputs to improve the cultural tourism experience within historic port cities. A fuzzy Delphi survey was performed, consulting 12 selected experts and identifying 43 significant indicators under the physical, functional, social, and notional dimensions. Furthermore, this study serves as a valuable reference for policymakers in similar destinations to implement sustainable strategies.

Keywords

• placemaking
• urban design
• urban revitalisation
• sustainable urbanism
• cultural tourism
• port cities