Integration of Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses as an Immunomonitoring Tool for SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Healthy and Fragile Subjects
Giulia Brisotto,
Marcella Montico,
Matteo Turetta,
Stefania Zanussi,
Maria Rita Cozzi,
Roberto Vettori,
Romina Boschian Boschin,
Lorenzo Vinante,
Fabio Matrone,
Alberto Revelant,
Elisa Palazzari,
Roberto Innocente,
Giuseppe Fanetti,
Lorenzo Gerratana,
Mattia Garutti,
Camilla Lisanti,
Silvia Bolzonello,
Milena Sabrina Nicoloso,
Agostino Steffan,
Elena Muraro
Affiliations
Giulia Brisotto
Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Cancer Research and Advanced Diagnostics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
Marcella Montico
Clinical Trial Office, Scientific Direction, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
Matteo Turetta
Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Cancer Research and Advanced Diagnostics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
Stefania Zanussi
Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Cancer Research and Advanced Diagnostics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
Maria Rita Cozzi
Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Cancer Research and Advanced Diagnostics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
Roberto Vettori
Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Cancer Research and Advanced Diagnostics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
Romina Boschian Boschin
Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Cancer Research and Advanced Diagnostics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
Lorenzo Vinante
Division of Radiation Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
Fabio Matrone
Division of Radiation Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
Alberto Revelant
Division of Radiation Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
Elisa Palazzari
Division of Radiation Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
Roberto Innocente
Division of Radiation Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
Giuseppe Fanetti
Division of Radiation Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
Lorenzo Gerratana
Department of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
Mattia Garutti
Department of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
Camilla Lisanti
Department of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
Silvia Bolzonello
Department of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
Milena Sabrina Nicoloso
Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Cancer Research and Advanced Diagnostics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
Agostino Steffan
Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Cancer Research and Advanced Diagnostics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
Elena Muraro
Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Cancer Research and Advanced Diagnostics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
Cellular and humoral immunity are both required for SARS-CoV-2 infection recovery and vaccine efficacy. The factors affecting mRNA vaccination-induced immune responses, in healthy and fragile subjects, are still under investigation. Thus, we monitored the vaccine-induced cellular and humoral immunity in healthy subjects and cancer patients after vaccination to define whether a different antibody titer reflected similar rates of cellular immune responses and if cancer has an impact on vaccination efficacy. We found that higher titers of antibodies were associated with a higher probability of positive cellular immunity and that this greater immune response was correlated with an increased number of vaccination side effects. Moreover, active T-cell immunity after vaccination was associated with reduced antibody decay. The vaccine-induced cellular immunity appeared more likely in healthy subjects rather than in cancer patients. Lastly, after boosting, we observed a cellular immune conversion in 20% of subjects, and a strong correlation between pre- and post-boosting IFN-γ levels, while antibody levels did not display a similar association. Finally, our data suggested that integrating humoral and cellular immune responses could allow the identification of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine responders and that T-cell responses seem more stable over time compared to antibodies, especially in cancer patients.