Unraveling the intricacies of the gut-brain axis: from physiology to psychology and obesity

Abstract

The human body, a marvel of complexity, operates through a network of interconnected systems that extend beyond the conventional confines of organs and tissues. Among the most intriguing and dynamic of these networks is the gut- brain axis (GBA), it was considered only for digestion, but in recent years GBA has evolved dramatically, uncovering its profound implications for both physical and mental well-being. Background: As scientific research continues to delve into the intricacies of this bidirectional pathway, a deeper understanding emerges of how the GBA impacts not only digestion and metabolism but also mental health and obesity. Material and methods. This article conducts a systematic review of current scientific literature to explore the intricate mechanisms and profound implications of the GBA on mental health and obesity. Results. Components of the GBA, including the enteric nervous system, vagus nerve, neurotransmitters, gut hormones, and gut microbiota, collectively orchestrate digestion, metabolism, mood, cognition, and behavior. Recent research elucidates the role of the GBA in neurotransmitter production, microbiota composition, immune function, stress response, and vagus nerve communication, highlighting its significance in mental well-being. Moreover, disruptions in the GBA contribute to alterations in appetite regulation, metabolism, and gut microbiota composition, linking it to the development and exacerbation of obesity. Conclusions. Understanding the intricate connections within the GBA provides a foundation for developing targeted interventions to promote holistic health and well-being. By recognizing the multifaceted nature of the GBA, individuals and healthcare professionals can explore innovative approaches to address mental health disorders, life style modification and obesity effectively.

Keywords

• gut-brain axis
• obesity
• gut-brain cross talk