Hypospadias repair in children: fundamental principles and latest tendencies

Abstract

The article contains the analysis of publications devoted to various aspects of hypospadias treatment in children. Parallels between classical works and current trends in the treatment for this genital malformation are drawn. New surgical techniques with a reference to the history of their emergence and development are described. The authors discuss the use of single-stage and multi-stage surgical procedures for proximal hypospadias. The article also provides the analysis of currently available literature data on the complications associated with the use particular surgical techniques. Furthermore, the article covers the following issues: new variants of hypospadias classification, methods for assessing defect severity prior to surgery, and variants of cosmetic evaluation after surgical treatment. Particular attention is paid to standardization of approaches to surgical treatment of hypospadias, unification of methods used in urethroplasty and penile curvature correction. The data of clinical trials assessing various operative techniques are provided. A suggestion regarding standardization of description methods for clinical trials in the field of hypospadology is made.

Keywords

• hypospadias
• urethroplasty
• penile malformation
• pediatric urology
• genital reconstructive surgery