Semantic Change:  Causes, Forms, and Scope

Abstract

Abstract: Evolution is a universal phenomenon that encompasses the entire universe, where everything undergoes change as an inevitable necessity in all aspects of life. Language, as a living entity within society, is not exempt from this framework; it is influenced by its circumstances and changes as they do, leading to the evolution of word meanings over time. This development takes various forms; the meaning of a word may expand or contract, rise or decline, or change entirely. This study aims to shed light on the changes that occur in the meaning of words from one period to another. The findings show that semantic change is a clear indicator of the vitality of language, and it is a common phenomenon across all languages, observable by anyone studying the stages and historical phases of language development. The meanings of words evolve in response to societal needs for new concepts, and this change is characterized by its gradual nature, occurring not abruptly but over extended time periods. Furthermore, changes are often constrained by time and place and can also happen spontaneously without human intervention. Semantic change occurs due to specific factors that may be social, psychological, or linguistic. It also manifests in various ways, including generalization, specialization, degradation, elevation, and transfer of meaning. Keywords: Semantics, semantic change, causes of semantic change, forms of semantic change, scopes of semantic change.