Impact of smoking on cardiovascular health: Mechanisms, epidemiology and specific concerns regarding congenital heart disease

• Mishary Alhindal,
• Jood Janahi,
• Emanuela C. D'Angelo,
• Veronica Lisignoli,
• Rosalinda Palmieri,
• Antonella Cutrì,
• Gianfranco Butera,
• Michael A. Gatzoulis,
• Claudia Montanaro

Affiliations

Mishary Alhindal

Adult Congenital Heart Centre, Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy's St Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain; Corresponding author. Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy.

Jood Janahi

Adult Congenital Heart Centre, Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy's St Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain

Emanuela C. D'Angelo

Adult Congenital Heart Disease Centre, Bambino Gesu' Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy

Veronica Lisignoli

Adult Congenital Heart Disease Centre, Bambino Gesu' Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy

Rosalinda Palmieri

Adult Congenital Heart Disease Centre, Bambino Gesu' Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy

Antonella Cutrì

Adult Congenital Heart Disease Centre, Bambino Gesu' Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy

Gianfranco Butera

Adult Congenital Heart Disease Centre, Bambino Gesu' Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy

Michael A. Gatzoulis

National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom

Claudia Montanaro

Adult Congenital Heart Centre, Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy's St Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Adult Congenital Heart Disease Centre, Bambino Gesu' Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Corresponding author. Honorary Senior Clinical Lecturer, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.