An update on stem cell and stem cell-derived extracellular vesicle-based therapy in the management of Alzheimer’s disease
Madhan Jeyaraman,
Ramya Lakshmi Rajendran,
Sathish Muthu,
Naveen Jeyaraman,
Shilpa Sharma,
Saurabh Kumar Jha,
Purushothaman Muthukanagaraj,
Chae Moon Hong,
Lucas Furtado da Fonseca,
José Fábio Santos Duarte Lana,
Byeong-Cheol Ahn,
Prakash Gangadaran
Affiliations
Madhan Jeyaraman
Department of Orthopaedics, ACS Medical College and Hospital, Dr MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600056, India; Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India; Indian Stem Cell Study Group (ISCSG) Association, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226010, India
Ramya Lakshmi Rajendran
Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
Sathish Muthu
Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India; Indian Stem Cell Study Group (ISCSG) Association, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226010, India; Department of Orthopedics, Government Dindigul Medical College and Hospital, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, 624001, India; Faculty of Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore 641021, Tamil Nadu, India
Naveen Jeyaraman
Indian Stem Cell Study Group (ISCSG) Association, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226010, India; Department of Orthopedics, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth, Chengalpet, Tamil Nadu, 603108, India
Shilpa Sharma
Indian Stem Cell Study Group (ISCSG) Association, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226010, India; Department of Paediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
Saurabh Kumar Jha
Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India; Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied & LifeSciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, India; Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India
Purushothaman Muthukanagaraj
Department of Internal Medicine & Psychiatry, SUNY-Upstate Binghamton Clinical Campus, Binghamton, NY, 13904, USA
Chae Moon Hong
Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
Lucas Furtado da Fonseca
Department of Orthopedics, The Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 04023-062, SP, Brazil
José Fábio Santos Duarte Lana
Department of Orthopedics, The Bone and Cartilage Institute, Indaiatuba, 13334-170, SP, Brazil
Byeong-Cheol Ahn
Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea; BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea; Corresponding author. Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
Prakash Gangadaran
Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea; BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea; Corresponding author. Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
Globally, neurological diseases pose a major burden to healthcare professionals in terms of the management and prevention of the disorder. Among neurological diseases, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) accounts for 50%–70% of dementia and is the fifth leading cause of mortality worldwide. AD is a progressive, degenerative neurological disease, with the loss of neurons and synapses in the cerebral cortex and subcortical regions. The management of AD remains a debate among physicians as no standard and specific “disease-modifying” modality is available. The concept of ‘Regenerative Medicine’ is aimed at regenerating the degenerated neural tissues to reverse the pathology in AD. Genetically modified engineered stem cells modify the course of AD after transplantation into the brain. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are an emerging new approach in cell communication that involves the transfer of cellular materials from parental cells to recipient cells, resulting in changes at the molecular and signaling levels in the recipient cells. EVs are a type of vesicle that can be transported between cells. Many have proposed that EVs produced from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may have therapeutic promise in the treatment of AD. The biology of AD, as well as the potential applications of stem cells and their derived EVs-based therapy, were explored in this paper.
