pH-sensitive packaging of cationic particles by an anionic block copolymer shell

Abstract

Abstract Cationic non-viral vectors show great potential to introduce genetic material into cells, due to their ability to transport large amounts of genetic material and their high synthetic versatility. However, designing materials that are effective without showing toxic effects or undergoing non-specific interactions when applied systemically remains a challenge. The introduction of shielding polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) can enhance biocompatibility and circulation time, however, often impairs transfection efficiency. Herein, a multicomponent polymer system is introduced, based on cationic and hydrophobic particles (P(nBMA46-co-MMA47-co-DMAEMA90), (PBMD)) with high delivery performance and a pH-responsive block copolymer (poly((N-acryloylmorpholine)-b-(2-(carboxy)ethyl acrylamide)) (P(NAM72-b-CEAm74), PNC)) as shielding system, with PNAM as alternative to PEG. The pH-sensitive polymer design promotes biocompatibility and excellent stability at extracellular conditions (pH 7.4) and also allows endosomal escape and thus high transfection efficiency under acidic conditions. PNC shielded particles are below 200 nm in diameter and showed stable pDNA complexation. Further, interaction with human erythrocytes at extracellular conditions (pH 7.4) was prevented, while acidic conditions (pH 6) enabled membrane leakage. The particles demonstrate transfection in adherent (HEK293T) as well as difficult-to-transfect suspension cells (K-562), with comparable or superior efficiency compared to commercial linear poly(ethylenimine) (LPEI). Besides, the toxicity of PNC-shielded particles was significantly minimized, in particular in K-562 cells and erythrocytes. In addition, a pilot in vivo experiment on bone marrow blood cells of mice that were injected with PNC-shielded particles, revealed slightly enhanced cell transfection in comparison to naked pDNA. This study demonstrates the applicability of cationic hydrophobic polymers for transfection of adherent and suspension cells in culture as well as in vivo by co-formulation with pH-responsive shielding polymers, without substantially compromising transfection performance. Graphical Abstract

Keywords

• Biocompatibility
• Charge masking
• Core–shell nanoparticles
• Layer-by-layer
• Stealth polymers