Equal Maintenance of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Levels Induced by Heterologous and Homologous Regimens of the BNT162b2, ChAdOx1, CoronaVac and Ad26.COV2.S Vaccines: A Longitudinal Study Up to the 4th Dose of Booster
Tatiana A. do Nascimento,
Patricia Y. Nogami,
Camille F. de Oliveira,
Walter F. F. Neto,
Carla P. da Silva,
Ana Claudia S. Ribeiro,
Alana W. de Sousa,
Maria N. O. Freitas,
Jannifer O. Chiang,
Franko A. Silva,
Liliane L. das Chagas,
Valéria L. Carvalho,
Raimunda S. S. Azevedo,
Pedro F. C. Vasconcelos,
Igor B. Costa,
Iran B. Costa,
Luana S. Barbagelata,
Wanderley D. das Chagas Junior,
Edvaldo T. da Penha Junior,
Luana S. Soares,
Giselle M. R. Viana,
Alberto A. Amarilla,
Naphak Modhiran,
Daniel Watterson,
Lívia M. N. Casseb,
Lívia C. Martins,
Daniele F. Henriques
Affiliations
Tatiana A. do Nascimento
Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
Patricia Y. Nogami
Graduate Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
Camille F. de Oliveira
Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
Walter F. F. Neto
Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
Carla P. da Silva
Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
Ana Claudia S. Ribeiro
Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
Alana W. de Sousa
Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
Maria N. O. Freitas
Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
Jannifer O. Chiang
Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
Franko A. Silva
Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
Liliane L. das Chagas
Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
Valéria L. Carvalho
Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
Raimunda S. S. Azevedo
Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
Pedro F. C. Vasconcelos
Graduate Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
Igor B. Costa
Graduate Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
Iran B. Costa
Department of Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
Luana S. Barbagelata
Department of Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
Wanderley D. das Chagas Junior
Department of Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
Edvaldo T. da Penha Junior
Department of Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
Luana S. Soares
Department of Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
Giselle M. R. Viana
Malaria Basic Research Laboratory, Parasitology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua 67000-000, Pará, Brazil
Alberto A. Amarilla
School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
Naphak Modhiran
School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
Daniel Watterson
School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
Lívia M. N. Casseb
Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
Lívia C. Martins
Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
Daniele F. Henriques
Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
Several technological approaches have been used to develop vaccines against COVID-19, including those based on inactivated viruses, viral vectors, and mRNA. This study aimed to monitor the maintenance of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in individuals from Brazil according to the primary vaccination regimen, as follows: BNT162b2 (group 1; 22) and ChAdOx1 (group 2; 18). Everyone received BNT162b2 in the first booster while in the second booster CoronaVac, Ad26.COV2.S, or BNT162b2. Blood samples were collected from 2021 to 2023 to analyze specific RBD (ELISA) and neutralizing antibodies (PRNT50). We observed a progressive increase in anti-RBD and neutralizing antibodies in each subsequent dose, remaining at high titers until the end of follow-up. Group 1 had higher anti-RBD antibody titers than group 2 after beginning the primary regimen, with significant differences after the 2nd and 3rd doses. Group 2 showed a more expressive increase after the first booster with BNT162B2 (heterologous booster). Group 2 also presented high levels of neutralizing antibodies against the Gamma and Delta variants until five months after the second booster. In conclusion, the circulating levels of anti-RBD and neutralizing antibodies against the two variants of SARS-CoV-2 were durable even five months after the 4th dose, suggesting that periodic booster vaccinations (homologous or heterologous) induced long-lasting immunity.
