Dynamical Complexity of Modified Leslie–Gower Predator–Prey Model Incorporating Double Allee Effect and Fear Effect

Abstract

This contribution concerns studying a realistic predator–prey interaction, which was achieved by virtue of formulating a modified Leslie–Gower predator–prey model under the influence of the double Allee effect and fear effect in the prey species. The initial theoretical work sheds light on the relevant properties of the solution, presence, and local stability of the equilibria. Both analytic and numerical approaches were used to address the emergence of diverse bifurcations, like saddle-node, Hopf, and Bogdanov–Takens bifurcations. It is noteworthy that while making the assumption that the characteristic equation of the Jacobian matrix J has a pair of imaginary roots C(ρ)±ιD(ρ), it is sufficient to consider only C(ρ)+ιD(ρ) due to symmetry. The impact of the fear effect on the proposed model is discussed. Numerical simulation results are provided to back up all the theoretical analysis. From the findings, it was established that the initial condition of the population, as well as the phenomena (fear effect) introduced, played a crucial role in determining the stability of the proposed model.

Keywords

• fear effect
• double Allee effect
• stability
• bifurcation
• Leslie–Gower predator–prey system