NH₃ and CO Emissions from Fifteen Euro 6d and Euro 6d-TEMP Gasoline-Fuelled Vehicles

Abstract

Ammonia (NH3) plays a key role in atmospheric chemistry and largely contributes to the PM2.5 measured in urban areas around the globe. For that reason, the National Emission Ceilings directive, Gothenburg Protocol under the United Nations Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, and International Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) directive required a reduction of the emissions of NH3. Nonetheless, the European Environment Agency (EEA) indicated that road transport emissions of NH3 have increased. Moreover, recent studies reported that, not only vehicle NH3 emissions are greater than agricultural emissions in areas that gather > 40% of the U.S. population, but urban emissions of NH3 for passenger cars are underestimated by a factor of 17 in UK. In this study, fifteen gasoline-fuelled vehicles, meeting the most recent European emission standards, Euro 6d or Euro 6d-TEMP, were investigated in laboratory tests over the type-approval worldwide-harmonized light-duty vehicles test cycle (WLTC), at 23 °C and −7 °C, as well as over the motorway cycle Bundesautobahn (BAB). Results show that all the vehicles tested emitted NH3 over the different duty cycles, and presented emissions level that are comparable to those previously reported for Euro 4–Euro 6b vehicles. Finally, good agreement between the CO and the NH3 emissions was registered during the acceleration events, and, in general, a fair correlation, with R2 > 0.75, was obtained, when comparing the CO and NH3 emissions of the studied vehicles.

Keywords

• transport emissions
• ammonia
• emissions measurements
• fuel enrichment