Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids: A Comprehensive Review of Natural Occurring Compounds and Their Synthetic Derivatives
Camelia Hodoșan,
Cerasela Elena Gîrd,
Mihaela Violeta Ghica,
Cristina-Elena Dinu-Pîrvu,
Lucica Nistor,
Iulius Sorin Bărbuică,
Ștefan-Claudiu Marin,
Alexandru Mihalache,
Lăcrămioara Popa
Affiliations
Camelia Hodoșan
Formative Science in Animal Breeding and Food Industry Department 59, Faculty of Engineering and Animal Production, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Mărăști Bvd. District 1, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
Cerasela Elena Gîrd
Department of Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry and Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Str., 020950 Bucharest, Romania
Mihaela Violeta Ghica
Department of Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Str., 020950 Bucharest, Romania
Cristina-Elena Dinu-Pîrvu
Department of Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Str., 020950 Bucharest, Romania
Lucica Nistor
Formative Science in Animal Breeding and Food Industry Department 59, Faculty of Engineering and Animal Production, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Mărăști Bvd. District 1, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
Iulius Sorin Bărbuică
Formative Science in Animal Breeding and Food Industry Department 59, Faculty of Engineering and Animal Production, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Mărăști Bvd. District 1, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
Ștefan-Claudiu Marin
Department of Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Str., 020950 Bucharest, Romania
Alexandru Mihalache
Department of Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Str., 020950 Bucharest, Romania
Lăcrămioara Popa
Department of Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Str., 020950 Bucharest, Romania
This comprehensive scientific review provides an in-depth analysis of both the natural compounds, pyrethrins, and their synthetic derivatives, pyrethroids, focusing on their classification, biosynthesis, mechanism of action, general and pharmaceutical uses, as well as their toxicity and environmental impact. Pyrethrins, derived from certain plant species, have long been recognized for their potent insecticidal properties. The review begins by examining the classification of pyrethrins and pyrethroids, elucidating their structural characteristics and unique features within the field of natural and synthetic compounds. The biosynthetic pathways responsible for producing pyrethrins in plants are discussed, highlighting the enzymatic reactions and genetic regulation involved. In addition, the synthesis of pyrethroid derivatives is explored, including both natural and synthetic sources and potential optimization strategies. Understanding the mechanisms of action by which pyrethrins and pyrethroids exert their insecticidal effects is a crucial aspect of this review. Complex interactions with the nervous systems of target organisms are examined, providing insights into their selective toxicity and modes of action. In addition, the various applications of these compounds are explored, from their use in agriculture for pest control to their incorporation into household insecticides and potential pharmaceutical applications. The review also critically evaluates the potential toxicity of pyrethrins and pyrethroids to human health. By consolidating current knowledge and research findings, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of the properties and applications of pyrethrins and pyrethroids, highlighting their benefits and risks, and the importance of responsible and sustainable use in various areas.
