Gastrointestinal manifestations as initial presentation of acute leukemias in children and adolescents

Abstract

Objective: this study aimed to determine the prevalence and characteristics of gastrointestinal manifestations on initial clinical presentation of acute leukemias (AL) in childhood. Material and methods: this is a retrospective and descriptive study that assessed medical records of 354 patients with AL from January 1995 to December 2004. Results: acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) was diagnosed in 273 (77.1%) patients and acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (AML) in 81 (22.9%). There were 210 males (59.4%) and 144 females (40.6%). The most common presenting features were: abdominal pain (19.5% in ALL and 11.8% in AML), nausea and vomiting (14.9 in ALL and 14% in AML), abdominal distention (18.5 in ALL and 8.6% in AML; p 0.024), constipation (5% in ALL and 6.5% in AML), diarrhea (3.6% in ALL and 11.8% in AML; p 0.03%), and gastrointestinal bleeding (7.9% in ALL and 9.7% in AML). Ultrasound scanning was made in 61.1% and hepatomegaly was found on 33.6% and esplenomegaly on 28.5% of the patients with AL. Seventy-seven (21.7%) and 15 (4.2%) patients received nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and glucocorticoids before the diagnostic of AL. An association is well-defined between abdominal symptoms like nausea, vomiting and pain and use of this therapy but this association did not occurred clearly in this study. Conclusions: gastrointestinal symptoms are not very well-documented as initial manifestation of leukemia in children and should be considered on the differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal symptoms of unknown etiology in children.