Towards a measurement theory in QFT: "Impossible" quantum measurements are possible but not ideal

Abstract

Naive attempts to put together relativity and quantum measurements lead to signaling between space-like separated regions. In QFT, these are known as $\textit{impossible measurements}$. We show that the same problem arises in non-relativistic quantum physics, where joint nonlocal measurements (i.e., between systems kept spatially separated) in general lead to signaling, while one would expect no-signaling (based for instance on the $\textit{principle of no-nonphysical communication}$). This raises the question: Which nonlocal quantum measurements are physically possible? We review and develop further a non-relativistic quantum information approach developed independently of the impossible measurements in QFT, and show that these two have been addressing virtually the same problem. The non-relativistic solution shows that all nonlocal measurements are $localizable$ (i.e., they can be carried out at a distance without violating no-signaling) but they (i) may require arbitrarily large entangled resources and (ii) cannot in general be $ideal$, i.e., are not immediately reproducible. These considerations could help guide the development of a complete theory of measurement in QFT.