Nature and Science of Sleep (Sep 2022)

Association of Delayed Sleep/Wake Rhythm with Depression During the First COVID-19 Lockdown in France

  • Felician J,
  • Galvao F,
  • Lefebvre M,
  • Nourredine M,
  • Peter-Derex L

Journal volume & issue
Vol. Volume 14
pp. 1545 – 1557

Abstract

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Juliette Felician,1– 3 Filipe Galvao,3 Mylène Lefebvre,3 Mikail Nourredine,2,4– 6,* Laure Peter-Derex1,2,7,* 1Centre for Sleep Medicine and Respiratory Diseases, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; 2Medicine faculty, Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France; 3Unité Michel Jouvet – Pôle Est – Z19, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bron, France; 4Biostatistics Unit, University Hospital Service of Pharmacotoxicology and Public Health Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; 5Research Department, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bron, France; 6Biometry and Evolutionary Biology Laboratory, UMR CNRS 5558, Lyon, France; 7Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre, CNRS UMR 5292/INSERM U1028, Lyon, France*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Laure Peter-Derex, Centre for Sleep Medicine and Respiratory Diseases, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 103 Grande Rue de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon, 69004, France, Tel +33 4 72 07 17 69, Fax +33 4 72 07 28 08, Email [email protected]: The containment of the population during the COVID-19 pandemic led to the emergence or recurrence of psychiatric conditions and sleep disorders. The influence of sleep/wake rhythm on mental health is well known. The objective of our study was to evaluate the link between the shift in sleep/wake rhythm and the presence of depressive symptoms during the March to May 2020 lockdown in the French population.Participants and Methods: Participants (n = 2513) were recruited via newspapers and social networks in March 2020. We evaluated i) the chronotype before and during the lockdown, assessed by the change in mid-sleep time on work-free days corrected for sleep debt on workdays (delta MSFsc); ii) morningness-eveningness circadian preference (Horne & Ostberg questionnaire); iii) depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-9, PHQ-9). The delta MSFsc and the PHQ-9 score were compared between circadian preference types. A multivariate model adjusted for age, sex, circadian preference, housing type, and marital status was used to assess the influence of delta MSFsc on the PHQ-9 score in the whole population.Results: The population consisted of 77% women, of median (IQR) age 39 (30– 48) years. Compared with the pre-lockdown period, the median (IQR) MSFsc was shifted by 30 (0– 66) min during the lockdown, with a significant difference between evening [60 (15– 120) min], morning [15 (0– 46) min] and neutral [30 (0– 70) min] circadian type individuals, p < 0.001. One-third of all participants had moderate to severe depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥ 10). A 1-hour shift in MSFsc was associated with a 0.50-point increase [95% CI (0.28; 0.72), p < 0.001] in the PHQ-9.Conclusion: A phase delay in the chronotype was observed in the general population during lockdown. Such disruption was associated with depressive symptoms but the direction of the relationship remains hypothetical. The impact on mental health of preventive measures targeting the sleep/wake rhythm in this context needs further evaluation.Keywords: phase delay, pandemic, containment, mental health, chronotype, circadian preference

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