Age at natural menopause and development of chronic diseases in the female population of Kharameh, Iran: A historical cohort study

Abstract

Abstract Background and Aims Declines in estradiol levels after menopause have been reported to be associated with several health outcomes. This study aimed to determine the effect of age at natural menopause (ANM) on some of the most common chronic diseases. Methods This historical cohort study was performed on 2636 postmenopausal women aged 40–70 years participating in phase one of the PERSIAN cohort study in Kharameh, Iran, during 2015–2017. The effect of early (53 years) on chronic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, ischemic heart diseases, stroke, thyroid diseases, and depression was assessed using classic logistic regression for diseases with an incidence rate of more than 10% and Firth's logistic regression for diseases with an incidence of less than this amount. Results The mean age of women was 53.48 ± 8.59. Respectively, early and intermediate menopause was associated with ischemic heart disease (odds ratio [OR = 1.61, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08–2.42; p = 0.020), (OR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.13–2.21; p = 0.008) and thyroid diseases (OR = 3.10, 95% CI: 1.64–6.24; p < 0.001), (OR = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.02–3.57; p = 0.042). furthermore, early menopause was a risk factor for diabetes (OR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.07–2.00; p = 0.018), depression (OR = 4.79, 95% CI: 2.20–11.79; p = <0.001) and stroke (OR = 3.00, 95% CI: 1.08–9.32; p = 0.034). Conclusions In this study, women with diabetes, ischemic heart diseases, stroke, thyroid disorders, and depression had a younger ANM compared to their healthy counterparts. Therefore, applying appropriate strategies to postpone the age of menopause, can reduce the incidence of these types of chronic diseases.

Keywords

• age
• chronic diseases
• menopause
• post‐menopausal period