História (Jan 2007)
As brigadas muralistas da experiência chilena: propaganda política e imaginário revolucionário The muralistic brigades from chilean experience: political propaganda and revolutionary imaginary
Abstract
O presente artigo tem como propósito analisar duas organizações de propaganda e alguns dos murais produzidos por elas no Chile durante governo da Unidade Popular (UP). Neste período a esquerda chilena tentou desenvolver o projeto de transição para o socialismo pela via pacífica. As imagens foram produzidas com fins propagandistas por brigadas muralistas que pertenciam aos principais partidos do governo - o Partido Comunista (PC) e o Partido Socialista (PS). A maneira como se estruturaram e as mensagens pictórico-textuais produzidas por estas organizações nos permitiram observar algumas facetas da atuação dos principais partidos do governo na luta político-cultural que encabeçaram em torno deste projeto comum. Partimos da hipótese de que as imagens produzidas traduzem, enquanto documentos históricos, os valores políticos e ideológicos da UP e, também, as suas tensões políticas internas. As brigadas muralistas tinham o objetivo de conscientizar e conquistar o apoio da sociedade para a transformação do Chile em um país socialista e, sendo assim, contribuíram para a construção de um imaginário socialista.O estudo da forma pela qual a propaganda visual da UP difundiu este imaginário constitui o eixo central desta abordagem que se circunscreve, do ponto de vista historiográfico, no campo da história das representações. Entendemos que a análise das imagens expressas nos murais nos permite apreender o significado do imaginário que orientou as práticas políticas do PC e do PS chilenos naquele período.The aim of the present article is to analyze two propaganda organizations and some of the murals which were produced by them in Chile during the government of the Popular Unit. At that time, the Chilean left attempted to develop the project of transition into socialism by peaceful means. The images were created with propagandistic ends by muralistic brigades, which belonged to the main government parties - the Communist Party and the Socialist Party. The ways in which they were structured and the pictorial and textual messages that were produced by these organizations allowed us to observe some aspects of the role the main government parties had in the political and cultural struggle they waged in favor of this common project. Our analysis is based on the assumption that the images created translate, as historical documents, the political and ideological values of the Popular Unit, as well as its internal political tensions. The aim of the muralistic brigades was to awaken society's political awareness and gain its support in order to transform Chile into a socialist country, which ultimately contributed to the construction of a socialist imaginary. The study of the ways in which Popular Unit’s visual propaganda disseminated that imaginary constitutes the central axis of the present work, which circumscribes itself, from a historiographical standpoint, in the field of the history of representation. It is our understanding that the analysis of the images expressed in the murals allows us to apprehend the meaning of the imaginary which directed the political practices of the Communist and Socialist Parties in Chile at that time.
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