Identification and Quantification of Jaundice by Trans-Conjunctiva Optical Imaging Using a Human Brain-like Algorithm: A Cross-Sectional Study
Takuya Kihara,
Takaaki Sugihara,
Suguru Ikeda,
Yukako Matsuki,
Hiroki Koda,
Takumi Onoyama,
Tomoaki Takata,
Takakazu Nagahara,
Hajime Isomoto
Affiliations
Takuya Kihara
Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
Takaaki Sugihara
Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
Suguru Ikeda
Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
Yukako Matsuki
Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
Hiroki Koda
Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
Takumi Onoyama
Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
Tomoaki Takata
Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
Takakazu Nagahara
Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
Hajime Isomoto
Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
Jaundice is caused by excess circulating bilirubin, known as hyperbilirubinemia. This symptom is sometimes caused by a critical hepatobiliary disorder, and is generally identified as yellowish sclera when bilirubin levels increase more than 3 mg/dL. It is difficult to identify jaundice accurately, especially via telemedicine. This study aimed to identify and quantify jaundice by trans-conjunctiva optical imaging. Patients with jaundice (total bilirubin ≥3 mg/dL) and normal control subjects (total bilirubin n = 10), chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis (n = 6), pancreatic cancer (n = 4), acute liver failure (n = 2), cholelithiasis or cholangitis (n = 2), acute pancreatitis (n = 1), and Gilbert’s syndrome (n = 1). The maximum hue degree (MHD) optimal cutoff to identify jaundice was 40.8 (sensitivity 81% and specificity 80%), and the AUROC was 0.842. The MHD was moderately correlated to total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels (rS = 0.528, p 56.3−MHD2. In conclusion, the ABHB-based MHD of conjunctiva imaging identified jaundice using an ordinary smartphone without any specific attachments and deep learning. This novel technology could be a helpful diagnostic tool in telemedicine or self-medication.
