Radiofrequency ice dielectric measurements at Summit Station, Greenland
- Juan Antonio Aguilar,
- Patrick Allison,
- Dave Besson,
- Abby Bishop,
- Olga Botner,
- Sjoerd Bouma,
- Stijn Buitink,
- Maddalena Cataldo,
- Brian A. Clark,
- Kenny Couberly,
- Zach Curtis-Ginsberg,
- Paramita Dasgupta,
- Simon de Kockere,
- Krijn D. de Vries,
- Cosmin Deaconu,
- Michael A. DuVernois,
- Anna Eimer,
- Christian Glaser,
- Allan Hallgren,
- Steffen Hallmann,
- Jordan Christian Hanson,
- Bryan Hendricks,
- Jakob Henrichs,
- Nils Heyer,
- Christian Hornhuber,
- Kaeli Hughes,
- Timo Karg,
- Albrecht Karle,
- John L. Kelley,
- Michael Korntheuer,
- Marek Kowalski,
- Ilya Kravchenko,
- Ryan Krebs,
- Robert Lahmann,
- Uzair Latif,
- Joseph Mammo,
- Matthew J. Marsee,
- Zachary S. Meyers,
- Kelli Michaels,
- Katharine Mulrey,
- Marco Muzio,
- Anna Nelles,
- Alexander Novikov,
- Alisa Nozdrina,
- Eric Oberla,
- Bob Oeyen,
- Ilse Plaisier,
- Noppadol Punsuebsay,
- Lilly Pyras,
- Dirk Ryckbosch,
- Olaf Scholten,
- David Seckel,
- Mohammad Ful Hossain Seikh,
- Daniel Smith,
- Jethro Stoffels,
- Daniel Southall,
- Karen Terveer,
- Simona Toscano,
- Delia Tosi,
- Dieder J. Van Den Broeck,
- Nick van Eijndhoven,
- Abigail G. Vieregg,
- Janna Z. Vischer,
- Christoph Welling,
- Dawn R. Williams,
- Stephanie Wissel,
- Robert Young,
- Adrian Zink
Affiliations
- Juan Antonio Aguilar
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Patrick Allison
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Dave Besson
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Abby Bishop
- Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center (WIPAC), Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53703, USA
- Olga Botner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE 752 37, Sweden
- Sjoerd Bouma
- Erlangen Center for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Stijn Buitink
- Astrophysical Institute, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Maddalena Cataldo
- Erlangen Center for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Brian A. Clark
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Kenny Couberly
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Zach Curtis-Ginsberg
- Department of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Paramita Dasgupta
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Simon de Kockere
- ORCiD
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Krijn D. de Vries
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Cosmin Deaconu
- Department of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Michael A. DuVernois
- Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center (WIPAC), Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53703, USA
- Anna Eimer
- Erlangen Center for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Christian Glaser
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE 752 37, Sweden
- Allan Hallgren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE 752 37, Sweden
- Steffen Hallmann
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- Jordan Christian Hanson
- Whittier College, Whittier, CA 90602, USA
- Bryan Hendricks
- Department of Physics, Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA
- Jakob Henrichs
- Erlangen Center for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- Nils Heyer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE 752 37, Sweden
- Christian Hornhuber
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Kaeli Hughes
- Department of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Timo Karg
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- Albrecht Karle
- Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center (WIPAC), Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53703, USA
- John L. Kelley
- Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center (WIPAC), Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53703, USA
- Michael Korntheuer
- ORCiD
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Marek Kowalski
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Ilya Kravchenko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- Ryan Krebs
- Department of Physics, Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA
- Robert Lahmann
- Erlangen Center for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Uzair Latif
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Joseph Mammo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- Matthew J. Marsee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
- Zachary S. Meyers
- Erlangen Center for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- Kelli Michaels
- Department of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Katharine Mulrey
- Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL, The Netherlands
- Marco Muzio
- Department of Physics, Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA
- Anna Nelles
- ORCiD
- Erlangen Center for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- Alexander Novikov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Alisa Nozdrina
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Eric Oberla
- Department of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Bob Oeyen
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
- Ilse Plaisier
- Erlangen Center for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- Noppadol Punsuebsay
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Lilly Pyras
- Erlangen Center for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- Dirk Ryckbosch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
- Olaf Scholten
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium Kapteyn Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- David Seckel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Mohammad Ful Hossain Seikh
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Daniel Smith
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Jethro Stoffels
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Daniel Southall
- Department of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Karen Terveer
- Erlangen Center for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Simona Toscano
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Delia Tosi
- Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center (WIPAC), Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53703, USA
- Dieder J. Van Den Broeck
- Astrophysical Institute, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Nick van Eijndhoven
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Abigail G. Vieregg
- Department of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Janna Z. Vischer
- Erlangen Center for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Christoph Welling
- Department of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Dawn R. Williams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
- Stephanie Wissel
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA
- Robert Young
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Adrian Zink
- Erlangen Center for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
Abstract
We recently reported on the radio-frequency attenuation length of cold polar ice at Summit Station, Greenland, based on bi-static radar measurements of radio-frequency bedrock echo strengths taken during the summer of 2021. Those data also allow studies of (a) the relative contributions of coherent (such as discrete internal conducting layers with sub-centimeter transverse scale) vs incoherent (e.g. bulk volumetric) scattering, (b) the magnitude of internal layer reflection coefficients, (c) limits on signal propagation velocity asymmetries (‘birefringence’) and (d) limits on signal dispersion in-ice over a bandwidth of ~100 MHz. We find that (1) attenuation lengths approach 1 km in our band, (2) after averaging 10 000 echo triggers, reflected signals observable over the thermal floor (to depths of ~1500 m) are consistent with being entirely coherent, (3) internal layer reflectivities are ≈–60$\to$–70 dB, (4) birefringent effects for vertically propagating signals are smaller by an order of magnitude relative to South Pole and (5) within our experimental limits, glacial ice is non-dispersive over the frequency band relevant for neutrino detection experiments.
Keywords
