An Alternative Splicing Variant of the Mixed-Lineage Leukemia 5 Protein Is a Cellular Adhesion Receptor for ScaA of Orientia tsutsugamushi

Abstract

ABSTRACT Scrub typhus is a mite-borne disease caused by the obligately intracellular bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi. We previously demonstrated that ScaA, an autotransporter membrane protein of O. tsutsugamushi, is commonly shared in various genotypes and involved in adherence to host cells. Here, we identified a mixed-lineage leukemia 5 (MLL5) mammalian trithorax group protein as a host receptor that interacts with ScaA. MLL5, identified by yeast two-hybrid screening, is an alternative splicing variant of MLL5 (vMLL5) which contains 13 exons with additional intron sequences encoding a tentative transmembrane domain. Indeed, vMLL5 is expressed on the plasma membrane as well as in intracellular compartments in eukaryotic cells and colocalized with adherent O. tsutsugamushi. In addition, ScaA-expressing Escherichia coli showed significantly increased adherence to vMLL5-overexpressing cells compared with vector control cells. We mapped the C-terminal region of the passenger domain of ScaA as a ligand for vMLL5 and determined that the Su(var)3-9, Enhancer of zeste, Trithorax (SET) domain of MLL5 is an essential and sufficient motif for ScaA binding. We observed significant and specific inhibition of bacterial adhesion to host cells in competitive inhibition assays using the C-terminal fragment of ScaA or the SET domain of vMLL5. Moreover, immunization with the C-terminal fragment of ScaA provided neutralizing activity and protective immunity against lethal challenge with O. tsutsugamushi as efficiently as vaccination with the whole passenger domain of ScaA. These results indicate that vMLL5 is a novel cellular receptor for ScaA-mediated adhesion of O. tsutsugamushi and facilitates bacterial adhesion to host cells, thereby enhancing bacterial infection. IMPORTANCE O. tsutsugamushi is a mite-borne pathogen that causes scrub typhus. As an obligately intracellular pathogen, its adhesion to and invasion of host cells are critical steps for bacterial growth. However, the molecular basis of the bacterial ligand and host receptor interaction is poorly defined. Here, we identified a splicing variant of MLL5 (vMLL5) as a cellular adhesion receptor of ScaA, an outer membrane autotransporter protein of O. tsutsugamushi. We mapped the interacting domains in the bacterial ligand and host receptor and confirmed their functional interaction. In addition, immunization with the C-terminal region of ScaA, which involves an interaction with the SET domain of vMLL5, not only induces enhanced neutralizing antibodies but also provides protective immunity against lethal challenge with O. tsutsugamushi.

Keywords

• scrub typhus
• Orientia tsutsugamushi
• mixed-lineage leukemia 5
• adhesion
• receptor
• vaccine