Theoretical and Experimental Studies on the Evidence of 1,3-β-Glucan in Marennine of <i>Haslea ostrearia</i>
Muhammad Yusuf,
Umi Baroroh,
Rina Fajri Nuwarda,
Fiddy Semba Prasetiya,
Safri Ishmayana,
Mia Tria Novianti,
Taufik Ramdani Tohari,
Ari Hardianto,
Toto Subroto,
Jean-Luc Mouget,
Pamela Pasetto
Affiliations
Muhammad Yusuf
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
Umi Baroroh
Research Center for Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40133, Indonesia
Rina Fajri Nuwarda
Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
Fiddy Semba Prasetiya
Research Center for Biosystematics and Evolution, Research Organization for Life Sciences and Environment, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
Safri Ishmayana
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
Mia Tria Novianti
Research Center for Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40133, Indonesia
Taufik Ramdani Tohari
Research Center for Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40133, Indonesia
Ari Hardianto
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
Toto Subroto
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
Jean-Luc Mouget
Laboratoire Biologie des Organismes, Stress, Santé, Environnement (BiOSSE), Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France
Pamela Pasetto
Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR CNRS 6283, Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France
Marennine, a blue pigment produced by the blue diatom Haslea ostrearia, is known to have some biological activities. This pigment is responsible for the greening of oysters on the West Coast of France. Other new species of blue diatom, H. karadagensis, H. silbo sp. inedit., H. provincialis sp. inedit, and H. nusantara, also produce marennine-like pigments with similar biological activities. Aside from being a potential source of natural blue pigments, H. ostrearia-like diatoms present a commercial potential for the aquaculture, food, cosmetics, and health industries. Unfortunately, for a hundred years, the exact molecular structure of this bioactive compound has remained a mystery. A lot of hypotheses regarding the chemical structure of marennine have been proposed. The recent discovery of this structure revealed that it is a macromolecule, mainly carbohydrates, with a complex composition. In this study, some glycoside hydrolases were used to digest marennine, and the products were further analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectroscopy (MS). The reducing sugar assay showed that marennine was hydrolyzed only by endo-1,3-β-glucanase. Further insight into the structure of marennine was provided by the spectrum of 1H NMR, MS, a colorimetric assay, and a computational study, which suggest that the chemical structure of marennine contains 1,3-β-glucan.