The influence of fear effect to the Lotka–Volterra predator–prey system with predator has other food resource

Abstract

Abstract A Lotka–Volterra predator–prey system incorporating fear effect of the prey and the predator has other food resource is proposed and studied in this paper. It is shown that the trivial equilibrium and the predator free equilibrium are both unstable, and depending on some inequalities, the system may have a globally asymptotically stable prey free equilibrium or positive equilibrium. Our study shows the fear effect is one of the most important factors that lead to the extinction of the prey species. Such a finding is quite different from the known result. Numeric simulations are carried out to show the feasibility of the main results.

Keywords

• Lotka–Volterra predator–prey model
• Stability
• Fear effect