Association between estimated pulse wave velocity and all-cause mortality in patients with coronary artery disease: a cohort study from NHANES 2005–2008

Abstract

Abstract Background Arterial stiffness has been shown to be an independent risk factor for adverse events and all-cause mortality in patients. Although PWV is the gold standard for pulse wave velocity, its application in clinical practice is limited by the high cost and complexity. ePwv is a new, simple, non-invasive indicator of arterial stiffness. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between ePwv and all-cause mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. Methods This is a cohort study, selected from NHANES 2005 to 2008, 402 patients with coronary artery disease were included. The ePWV was divided into two groups and KM survival curves were used to calculate cumulative mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. Restricted cubic spline were used to represent the relationship between ePWV and all-cause mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. Cox regression was used to diagnose the relationship between ePwv and all-cause mortality. Results The mean age of the study subjects was 68.5 ± 11.8 years, of which 282 (70.1%) were men and 120 (29.9%) were women. During 180 months of follow-up, 160 all-cause mortality occurred. KM survival curves indicated that all-cause mortality increased with increasing ePWV. The relationship between ePWV and all-cause mortality in patients with coronary artery disease was verified by cox models. Patients in higher ePWV tertile tended to have higher all-cause mortality. After complete multivariate adjustment, an increase in ePWV was positively associated with all-cause mortality (HR = 1.180, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.056–1.320). The multivariate-adjusted HR and 95% CI for the highest ePWV tertile was 1.582 (95% CI: 0.968–2.587) compared to the lowest tertile. In addition, the association between ePWV and mortality was visualized employing restricted spline curves, in which we found curves indicating a possible threshold for the effect of ePWV on all-cause mortality, with HR less than 1 when ePWV was less than 11.15 m/s; thereafter, there was a tendency for HR to increase with enhanced ePWV. Subgroup analysis showed that the correlation between ePWV and mortality persisted in population subgroups. Conclusion Our findings suggest that higher ePWV is associated with increased all-cause mortality in patients with coronary artery disease, particularly when ePWV exceeds 11.15 m/s.

Keywords

• Estimated pulse wave velocity
• Coronary artery disease
• Risk factors
• All cause mortality