A Novel PBM for Nanomilling of Drugs in a Recirculating Wet Stirred Media Mill: Impacts of Batch Size, Flow Rate, and Back-Mixing

Abstract

We examined the evolution of fenofibrate (FNB, drug) particle size distribution (PSD) during the production of nanosuspensions via wet stirred media milling (WSMM) with a cell-based population balance model (PBM). Our objective was to elucidate the potential impacts of batch size, suspension volumetric flow rate, and imperfect mixing in a recirculating WSMM. Various specific breakage rate functions were fitted to experimental PSD data at baseline conditions assuming perfect mixing. Then, the best function was used to simulate the PSD evolution at various batch sizes and flow rates to validate the model. A novel function, which is a product of power–law and logistic functions, fitted the evolution the best, signifying the existence of a transition particle size commensurate with a grinding limit. Although larger batches yielded coarser and wider PSDs, the suspensions had identical PSDs when milled for the same effective milling time. The flow rate had an insignificant influence on the PSD. Furthermore, the imperfect mixing in the mill chamber was simulated by considering more than one cell and different back-mixing flow ratios. The effects were weak and restricted to the first few turnovers. These insights contribute to our understanding of recirculating WSMM, providing valuable guidance for process development.

Keywords

• wet stirred media milling
• population balance model
• drug nanoparticles
• breakage kinetics
• process development
• imperfect mixing