Omeprazole exacerbates intervertebral disc degeneration through Caspase-3 mediated apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells: a Mendelian randomization, network toxicology, and in vitro experimental study

Abstract

Abstract Objective To investigate the causal correlation and toxicological mechanisms of omeprazole in intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD), alongside a particular emphasis on Caspase-3 (CASP3) mediated apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs). Methods Mendelian randomization (MR): GWAS data was employed to assess causal associations between proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and IVDD. Network toxicology: Shared omeprazole-IVDD targets were identified using STRING, SwissTargetPrediction, and GeneCards databases. Functional enrichment analysis: Biological pathways were explored by employing Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Molecular docking: Omeprazole-CASP3 binding affinity was assessed by employing AutoDock Vina. Experimental validation: Rat NPCs were subjected to CCK-8 assay viability, flow cytometry apoptosis, Western blot, and immunofluorescence. Results MR analysis suggested omeprazole substantially augmented IVDD risk (OR = 1.058, 95% CI = 1.004–1.115, P = 0.034), with no association observed for esomeprazole or lansoprazole. Network toxicology identified 11 overlapping targets, with CASP3 as the hub gene. Molecular docking revealed strong omeprazole-CASP3 binding (free energy: − 6.725 kcal/mol) via hydrogen bonds, π—π stacking, and π—S interactions. Enrichment analysis highlighted the response to reactive oxygen species, caveolae, endopeptidase activity, and IL-17 signaling pathway as key pathways. As revealed by in vitro experiments, omeprazole dose-dependently lessened NPCs viability (300 µM) and heightened apoptosis (28.99% apoptosis rate). Western blot showed significant upregulation of Cleaved-CASP3/pro-CASP3 ratios (P < 0.001), and immunofluorescence demonstrated CASP3 nuclear translocation in omeprazole-treated NPCs. Conclusions This study found that taking omeprazole may exacerbate IVDD, and its potential mechanism is through CASP3 leading to apoptosis of NPCs. These findings advocate cautious long-term omeprazole use in clinical practice and suggest alternative PPIs.

Keywords

• Omeprazole
• Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
• Mendelian Randomization
• Network Toxicology
• Caspase-3