The Effect of Tropical Pacific Air‐Sea Coupling on the Rainfall Response to Quadrupled CO2 Forcing

Abstract

Abstract We perform quadrupled CO2 climate simulations with the Community Earth System Model version 1 (CESM1) to study how air‐sea coupling affects the response of tropical rainfall under global warming. We use a hierarchy of ocean models to separate the effects of seasonal mixed‐layer entrainment, wind‐driven Ekman flows directed perpendicular to the wind, and the near‐equator frictional flows directed in the same direction as the wind. We show that the Pacific Ocean's enhanced equatorial warming pattern (EEW) and equatorward ITCZ contraction observed in previous climate simulations emerge when the ocean model includes wind‐driven Ekman and frictional flows. Furthermore, the near‐equator frictional flow contributes more than half of the heat convergence in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Finally, we show that although Ekman flow and near‐equator frictional flow can both result in EEW, their coupled interactions with the Hadley circulation lead to opposite feedbacks on EEW's strength.

Keywords

• air‐sea interaction
• air‐sea coupling
• enhanced equatorial warming
• deep‐tropic contraction
• global warming
• model hierarchy