A Review of <i>Ganoderma</i> Triterpenoids and Their Bioactivities
Mahesh C. A. Galappaththi,
Nimesha M. Patabendige,
Bhagya M. Premarathne,
Kalani K. Hapuarachchi,
Saowaluck Tibpromma,
Dong-Qin Dai,
Nakarin Suwannarach,
Sylvie Rapior,
Samantha C. Karunarathna
Affiliations
Mahesh C. A. Galappaththi
Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China
Nimesha M. Patabendige
Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
Bhagya M. Premarathne
National Institute of Fundamental Studies (NIFS), Hanthana, Kandy 20000, Sri Lanka
Kalani K. Hapuarachchi
The Engineering Research Center of Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical Resource Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
Saowaluck Tibpromma
Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China
Dong-Qin Dai
Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China
Nakarin Suwannarach
Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
Sylvie Rapior
Laboratory of Botany, Phytochemistry and Mycology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Univ Montpellier, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, CS 14491, CEDEX 5, 34093 Montpellier, France
Samantha C. Karunarathna
Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China
For centuries, Ganoderma has been used as a traditional medicine in Asian countries to prevent and treat various diseases. Numerous publications are stating that Ganoderma species have a variety of beneficial medicinal properties, and investigations on different metabolic regulations of Ganoderma species, extracts or isolated compounds have been performed both in vitro and in vivo. However, it has frequently been questioned whether Ganoderma is simply a dietary supplement for health or just a useful “medication” for restorative purposes. More than 600 chemical compounds including alkaloids, meroterpenoids, nucleobases, nucleosides, polysaccharides, proteins, steroids and triterpenes were extracted and identified from Ganoderma, with triterpenes serving as the primary components. In recent years, Ganoderma triterpenes and other small molecular constituents have aroused the interest of chemists and pharmacologists. Meanwhile, considering the significance of the triterpene constituents in the development of new drugs, this review describes 495 compounds from 25 Ganoderma species published between 1984 and 2022, commenting on their source, biosynthetic pathway, identification, biological activities and biosynthesis, together with applications of advanced analytical techniques to the characterization of Ganoderma triterpenoids.
