Catalysis of a Diels–Alder Reaction between Azachalcones and Cyclopentadiene by a Recyclable Copper(II)-PEIP Metal-Organic Framework

Abstract

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted considerable interest as emerging heterogeneous catalysts for organic transformations of synthetic utility. Herein, a Lewis-acidic MOF, {[Cu3(PEIP)2(5-NH2-mBDC)(DMF)]·7DMF}∞, denoted as Cu(ΙΙ)-PEIP, has been synthesized via a one-pot process and deployed as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for a Diels–Alder cycloaddition. Specifically, the [4 + 2] cycloaddition of 13 substituted azachalcone dienophiles with cyclopentadiene has been investigated. MOF-catalyzed reaction conditions were optimized, leading to the selection of water as the solvent, in the presence of 10% mol sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to address substrate solubility. The Cu(II)-PEIP catalyst showed excellent activity under these green and mild conditions, exhibiting comparable or, in some cases, superior efficiency to a homogeneous catalyst often employed in Diels–Alder reactions, namely, Cu(OTf)2. The nature of the azachalcone substituent played a significant role in the reactivity of the dienophiles, with electron-withdrawing (EW) substituents enhancing conversion and electron-donating (ED) ones exhibiting the opposite effect. Coordinating substituents appeared to enhance the endo selectivity. Importantly, the Cu(II)-PEIP catalyst can be readily isolated from the reaction mixture and recycled up to four times without any significant reduction in conversion or selectivity.

Keywords

• MOF
• Diels–Alder cycloaddition
• heterogeneous catalysis
• green solvent
• sustainability